GROUP ‘A’

[ All the past questions solution are provided below]

1. What do you mean by cognitive dissonance?

Answer: Cognitive dissonance is the feeling of uncomfortable tension   which comes from holding two conflicting thoughts in mind at the same time.

2. Mention any four factors that influence learning.

  Answer: Learning is the permanent change in behavior due to experience and practices. The four factors that influence learning are as follows:

1. Motivation
2. Prior knowledge
3. Culture
4. Feedback

3. Distinguish between sensation and perception.

   Answer:  Sensation is the process of recognizing and responding to the information/ stimuli in surrounding through senses.

whereas

            Perception is the process by which individual organize and interpret their sensory information in order to give meaning to their environment. How a person perceives information differs from others.

4.What is locus of control?

Answer: A person’s perception of the source of his/her faith is locus of control. Some people believe that they are masters of their own faith whereas other people believe that what happens to them is due to luck or chance.

5. Define functional conflict.

    Answer: It is constructive in nature which creates positive consequences. Under this conflict, members or group present their disagreement logically and request the other party to revise their view.

6. State levels of organizational behavior.

   Answer: Organizational behavior simply is the study of people behavior in an organization. The levels of organizational behavior are as follows:

1. Individual level
2. Group level
3. Organizational level

7. Write any four attributes of effective leader.

 Answer: A leader is someone who establishes organization’s vision and guides it toward achieving it. Some of the attributes of effective leader are as follows:

1. A clear sense of purpose
2. Supervision ability
3. Moral integrity
4. Technical competency
5. What is transactional leadership.

8. What is transactional leadership?

      Answer: Transactional leadership focus on achieving specific goals and objectives through a system of rewards and punishments. They set clear expectations and provide feedback on performance.

9. State difference in experiential learning and mentoring.

    Answer: Experiential learning is the process of learning by doing or experience. For example; on-the job trainings, case analysis.

                                    Whereas

    Mentoring is the process of influencing, guidance or direction given to the followers i.e. employees to improve leadership skills and competencies.

10.Write two uses of contingency theory.

  Answer:  The two uses of contingency theory are as follows:

1. It helps in identifying leadership styles and distinguish between human relation oriented and task-oriented leaders.
2. It helps the leaders to enhance their decision-making skills.

GROUP ‘B’

[ This past questions solution is of November 2024]

Short Answer Questions (attempt any six)

11.explain the basic assumptions of organizational behavior.

Answer: There are two basic assumptions of organizational behavior;

1. Nature of the individual
2. Nature of organization

1. Nature of the individual
   • Individual differences: Every individual is different when it comes to background, culture, perception, values. So, managers should treat employees differently on the basis of their differences and preferences.
   • Selective perception: Managers should care about the effect of job on the whole person. Each person has a unique way to see, organize and interpret things.
   • Desire for involvement: organizations should provide opportunities for meaningful involvement of employees for contributing their talents and ideas.
2. Nature of organization
   • Social system: managers should understand that organizations environment is dynamic. The social system framework should be used for analyzing OB issues.
   • Ethical treatment: ethical treatment of employees is necessary for organizations to succeed. High standards of ethical performance should be ensured.

12.show the linkage between perception and decision making.

Answer: perception is the process by which individual organize and interpret their information in order to give meaning to their environment. However, what one perceives can differ from others. This process involves selecting stimuli that pass-through sense organs, organize the information and interpret it to give some meaning.

How a person makes decision is directly linked with how he perceives the information. People’s behavior is based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself. If a person positively perceives the information, the decision will be fair and works for maximization of efficiency. And if a negatively perceives situation, the decision making will be influenced by his motives, attitude. 

13.Explain the determinants of personality.

Answer: The determinants of personality are given below;

1. Heredity: Heredity is the transmission of the qualities from parents through genes located in the chromosomes. Heredity characteristics involve physical size, facial attractiveness, temperament.
2. Environment: The culture we are raised in, our early conditioning, the norms of our friends, family, society play a substantial role in shaping personalities.
3. Situation: Situation provides an important influence on the individual to behave in a particular manner.

        14. How do you measure job satisfaction of employees?

Answer: The commonly used approaches for job satisfaction are as follows:

1. Single Global Rating: in this approach, one statement covering dimension of job satisfaction is asked to employee to indicate the level of satisfaction out of five levels.
2. Summation Score Method: This method considers some elements of job such as nature of work, supervision, promotion opportunities for judging job satisfaction. Some common summation score methods are;
3. Job Description Index: JDI comprises five components i.e. nature of job, supervision, present day scale, promotion opportunities and relation with coworker.
4. The Minnesota satisfaction questionnaire (MSQ): It involves two forms; short form and long form. The long form involves 100 factors whereas short form involves 20 factors.
5. Porter needs satisfaction questionnaire (NSQ): This method is normally used to measure satisfaction level of managerial level employees. Questions consists of two parts; should be and is now, which is rated in seven scale.

15.Define the term conflict. Explain the types of conflict.

Answer: Conflict refers to all kinds of opposition or antagonistic interactions between or among individuals and groups. Its types are as follows;

1. Functional conflict: It is constructive in nature which creates positive consequences. There will be a win-win purpose because members or group present their disagreement logically and request the other party to revise their view.
2. Dysfunctional conflict: Conflict which continuously decrease the communication had performance of individual, group and organization is dysfunctional conflict. In it, people view other as rivals.

16.Describe the major causes of resistance to change.

Answer: The major causes of resistance to change are;

1. Experience: if the experience of the person in the past regarding change is negative.
2. Comfort zone: majority people aren’t comfortable stepping out of their comfort zone.
3. Peer pressure: peers who oppose change.
4. Lack of transparency: unclear communication also foster resistance in employees.

17.What is transformational leadership? Explain any four features of transformational leadership.

Answer: Transformational leadership inspire and motivate their followers to achieve their full potential. They focus on creating a vision for future and work to empower their followers.

1. Inspirational: transformational leaders are enthusiastic, have an optimistic outlook in life which inspires others.
2. Empathetic: they exhibit self-awareness, and emphasize strong relationship building.
3. Innovative: they are creative, visionary and can come up with new ideas.
4. Charismatic: they exhibit profound charisma which will attract others to follow.
5. Alignment with goals: they align their vision, mission with organizational goals.
   

GROUP ‘C’

These are the step to step past questions solution for the group ‘c’.

Long Answer Questions (attempt any three questions)

18. Behavioral management is a challenging task to a corporate manager. Discuss the statement based on challenges and opportunities of OB.

Answer:  The challenges and opportunities of OB are;

1. Managing workforce diversity:  Globalizations has caused organizations to have people from different part of the world, religion, background, attitude. Managers are facing difficulty in managing the differences.
2.  Empowering people: In modern organization, managers are facing problem to manage people because of employee empowerment like ownership in the organization, participation in management.
3. Improving quality and productivity: To survive in competitive business environment, quality of products and services should increase and production should be optimized. Managers face challenges to stay motivated and active.
4. Development of technology: The next challenge for OB managers is to cope with unexpected development of technology. Managers should be aware about recent trends and changing technology.
5. Improving people skills: in order to increase the quality and productivity, managers should provide various training programs to improve skills of employees.
6. Responding to globalization: globalization has caused increase in competition, difference in salary, job securities, comparisons. So, managers are facing difficulty.

  Note: you need to add more points like the above ones.

20. A leader requires several personality attributes to influence OB.  Enumerate the statement.

Answer: Major personality attributes influencing OB are as follows;

I. Locus of control: some people believe that they are masters of their own fate. Other people believe that what happens to them is due to luck. A person’s perception of source of his or her fate is locus of control.

                      -internal -external

ii. Machiavellianism: The degree to which an individual is practical/ realistic, maintains emotional distance and believes that ends can justify means.

iii. self-esteem: It is the individual’s degree of liking or disliking themselves. This trait is called self-esteem.

                       -High self esteem

                       -low self esteem

iv. self- monitoring: It refers to an individual’s ability to adjust his/her behavior to external, situational factors.

                         -High self-monitoring

                         – low self-monitoring

v. personality type: Type ‘A’ people are extremely competitive, devoted to work and avoid leisure time whereas Type ‘B’ people are less competitive and less devoted to work.

21. What is leadership? Explain the pre-requisites of organizational leader.

Answer: It is the act of persuading followers to focus on their desires, abilities and efforts on achieving pre-determined goals.

The prerequisites of organizational leader are as follows;

1. Strategic decision-making skills: an effective leader is someone who can take strategic decisions under any circumstances.
2. Conflict management: He can communicate well and resolve problems that may arise in organization.
3. High emotional intelligence: He is empathetic, respects other coworkers and create a sense of belonginess for them.
4. Empowering employees: A good leader empowers employees to take accountability and make autonomous decisions.
5. Technical skills: he has up to date information about the changing technology, demand and skills required.
6. Adaptability: he is flexible to face the challenges and opportunities.
7. Self discipline: he displays self-discipline and stays accountable for his actions.

Hope the above provided past questions solution will guide you to do better.

NOTE; You can get model questions of fourth semester from here: https://www.fomecd.edu.np/cms/dhurbas/BBA%20BIM%20and%20BBM%204th%20Sem%20Model%20Question.pdf

If you are interested to know about BBA: https://managementstudent.com/2025/01/27/8-free-key-information-on-bba-management/